Effective Wildlife Management Methods for Kangaroos and Wallabies in Victoria

Introduction

Australia’s unique biodiversity includes a diverse range of marsupials, among them Eastern Grey Kangaroos, Western Grey Kangaroos, and Swamp Wallabies, collectively known as macropods. In Victoria, these species have seen a significant increase in population due to changes in land management practices over the years. While these creatures are a cherished part of the ecosystem, they can pose challenges when their populations reach high densities. This guide explores various methods for wildlife management that are both effective and in compliance with Victoria’s legal regulations.

Background

The surge in macropod populations in Victoria is primarily attributed to improved pastures, accessible water sources, and the absence of natural predators. Although these marsupials are an essential part of our environment, their increasing numbers can lead to issues such as damage to crops, aggression towards humans, and threats to local biodiversity.

Moreover, in farming settings, macropods can cause significant damage by feeding on crops, flattening pastures, and fouling high-value produce, like almonds. Research indicates that in temperate regions, one kangaroo consumes approximately 40% as much as one sheep, making their presence in high densities detrimental to farmland, particularly in areas with limited pasture.

In addition to agricultural concerns, high kangaroo densities can adversely affect native biodiversity and, in extreme cases, result in local kangaroo populations suffering from overgrazing. Macropods can also be a contributing factor to traffic accidents, damage to forestry operations, gardens, and fences. In such situations, it becomes essential to consider macropod control measures to safeguard human safety, property, animal welfare, and biodiversity.

Legal Status of Macropods in Victoria

Before delving into wildlife management methods, it’s crucial to understand the legal framework in Victoria. All macropods, including Eastern Grey Kangaroos, Western Grey Kangaroos, and Swamp Wallabies, are protected under the Wildlife Act 1975. Deliberate disturbance or destruction of protected wildlife is strictly prohibited without prior approval from the Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning (DELWP).

The primary authorization for wildlife control is the Authority to Control Wildlife (ATCW). To obtain an ATCW, you must complete an application form available for download on the DELWP website. Your application will be assessed by a DELWP officer, who may visit your property to assess the wildlife-related damage, offer advice on alternative management options, and clarify your legal obligations.

An ATCW for lethal control will only be granted if the DELWP officer deems it necessary after ensuring that all viable non-lethal control methods have been explored.

Management Methods

Effective macropod management requires a combination of indirect and direct methods, some of which do not necessitate an ATCW.

Indirect Management Methods (No ATCW Required)

1. Avoid Close Contact and Feeding: Macropods may lose their fear of humans when fed, potentially leading to aggressive behavior. For safety and the animals’ wellbeing, avoid feeding or encouraging close contact with them.
2. Limit Food and Water Availability: Rural and semi-urban areas with lawns, water sources, and shaded areas can attract macropods. Consider planting less palatable native trees and shrubs or reducing open grassy areas. Mow lawns frequently to minimize food availability.
3. Protection and Repellents: Protect seedlings and young trees from macropods with tree guards and repellents like Sen-treeTM. Properly place bird baths to keep them out of reach.
4. Farm Practices: If your farm adjoins bushland, plant crops at least 400 meters away and minimize grass areas to reduce food sources. Consider replacing open water sources with stock-activated troughs.
5. Livestock Guardian Dogs: Implement livestock guardian dogs to deter macropods, benefiting not only from predator control but also reduced macropod presence.
6. Fencing: Fencing can be highly effective, either for passage or exclusion. Carefully select fence types, considering cost, benefits, and neighbor cooperation. Ensure fences are wildlife-friendly to prevent injuries.
7. Electric Fencing: Electric fencing is cost-effective but requires maintenance. Ensure it is installed and maintained in accordance with relevant standards.
8. Increase Fence Visibility: Enhance fence visibility with white tape, wire, boards, or netting to deter kangaroos from jumping into or getting caught in the fence.
9. Protect High-Value Crops: Chain mesh or prefabricated wire fencing can be used to protect high-value crops from macropod damage.
10. Upgrade Gates and Surrounds: Improve gate areas to prevent macropods from using them as entry points. Increase gate height to match the fence height.
11. Install Access Points: Create access points for kangaroos to pass through fences without endangering livestock.
12. Replace Ringlock with Plain Wire: Consider replacing ringlock fencing with plain wire, especially if it’s suitable for your livestock.
13. Adjust Fence Height and Width: Install taller fences and potentially a secondary fence to deter kangaroos from attempting to jump.

Control Methods Requiring an ATCW

14. Scaring: Scare kangaroos with loud noises or lights, but never use vehicles to chase them. Obtain an ATCW for scaring from DELWP.
15. Shooting: As a last resort, apply for an ATCW to shoot macropods if non-lethal methods have been exhausted. Follow humane shooting guidelines and comply with firearms regulations.

It’s essential to incorporate shooting as part of an integrated control campaign and adhere to specific conditions set by DELWP to ensure humane and ethical management.

Conclusion

Balancing the conservation of macropods with the protection of property, biodiversity, and safety is a complex task. Victoria’s legal framework, combined with a range of management methods, offers viable solutions. By understanding these methods and regulations, landowners and managers can effectively address macropod-related challenges while contributing to the preservation of Australia’s unique wildlife.

Disclaimer: This guide aims to assist, but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee its suitability for specific purposes and disclaim liability for any consequences resulting from its use. For alternative formats or further information, contact the DELWP Customer Contact Centre or visit the DELWP website.

References:

• Australian / New Zealand Standard 3014/2003 “Electrical Installations – Electric Fences,” Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand.
• Kondinin Group (2016) Research Report No. 288 “Exclusion Fencing – Fighting Ferals.”
• Von Bommel, L., and Johnson, C. N. (2016), “Livestock guardian dogs as surrogate top predators? How Maremma sheepdogs affect a wildlife community.” Ecology and Evolution, 6: 6702-6711. doi:10.1002/ece3.2412.